CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM DISORDERS RV/07-47,48,49

Carbohydrate metabolism disorders

Carbohydrates are sugars. Some sugars are simple, and others are more complex. Complex sugars must be broken down into their component sugars by enzymes before the body can absorb and use them. If an enzyme needed to process a certain sugar is missing, the sugar can accumulate in the body, causing problems.

Disorders:

1.DIABETES MELLITUS

ü Frequently in Dogs  & Cats

ü Causes: Pancreatitis , Obesity , Infection , Inflammation , Stress , &Oestrus

ü Hyperglycemia

ü Glucose tolerance test(GTT) : Test for CHO Function

ü Type-1 : Serum Insulin is very low or absent

ü Type-2 or 3 : Serum Insulin is normal to high

ü Other condition like Ketonemia & Lipemia

ü Development of Ketosis

ü Ketoacidosis & Electrolyte imbalance

ü URINALYSIS :Renal threshold for Glucose in Dogs is 200 mg/dl

ü Glycosuria & Proteinuria

2.HYPERINSULINISM

ü Characterised by Persistent Hypoglysemia with periods of weakness ,apathy ,fainting & during hypoglycemiac crises , convulsion ,comma.

3.HYPOGLYCEMIA IN BABY PIGS

ü During 1^st few days of life

ü Less than 40mg/dl

4.GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE

ü   Pathological accumulation of Glycogen in tissue

 Glycogen storage diseases occur when there is a defect in  enzymes that are involved in the metabolism of glycogen, resulting in growth abnormalities, weakness, and confusion.

·         Glycogen storage diseases are caused by lack of an enzyme needed to change glucose into glycogen and break down glycogen into glucose.

·         Typical symptoms include weakness, sweating, confusion, kidney stones, and stunted growth.

·         The diagnosis is made by examining a piece of tissue under a microscope (biopsy).

·         Treatment depends on the type of glycogen storage disease and usually involves regulating the intake of carbohydrates.

5.Galactosemia

·         Galactosemia (a high blood level of galactose) is caused by lack of one of the enzymes necessary for metabolizing galactose, a sugar present in lactose (milk sugar). A metabolite that is toxic to the liver and kidneys builds up. The metabolite also damages the lens of the eye, causing cataracts.

·         Galactosemia is caused by lack of one of the enzymes needed to metabolize the sugar in milk.

·         Symptoms include vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea, and abnormal growth.

·               The diagnosis is based on a blood test.

·         Even with adequate treatment, affected children still develop mental and physical problems.

·         Treatment involves completely eliminating milk and milk products from the diet.

Compiled by:- RV/07-047, RV/07-48, RV/07-49